For Michel Foucault, to study power is to ask how the processes of subjectification in society are determined by the modes of objectification which transform the individual into a subject. Thus, referring to power is introducing the question about how it is exerted by some people over others, differentiating the power that remits to skills directly incorporated or mediated by instruments or things. For Foucault, the power of the State is a repressive metaphor of the subject: a metaphor that exists only as a set of relations of forces exerted from man to man. In that sense, the power of the State can be understood as a set of immanent relations of forces and strategies historically established. However, while considering that power relations are exerted only from man to man, i.e, while considering that they are relationships that could exist only in act, Foucault discovers that power is a force exerted in the action among bodies, from one body to another, and of the body itself. Continue reading
With respect to the formal problems that human biological systems experiment according to their adaptive processes, Bateson distinguishes primarily the problem of ‘reification’. 
Gregory Bateson’s anthropology of communication provides a perspective of the experience from a systemic and formal approach. This approach is underlined mainly by the theory of deutero-learning and the importance of this theory is based on what Bateson tended to call ‘double-bind’. 
